Many fetuses assume this attitude early in labor but convert to complete flexion as labor progresses. This position is commonly called the fetal position. The back is usually arched, which increases the degree of hyperextension. In complete extension, the head and neck of the fetus are hyperextended and the occiput touches the fetus’s upper back. In partial extension, the head of the fetus is extended, with the head pushed slightly backward so that the brow becomes the first part of the fetus to pass through the pelvis during birth. Moderate flexion (aka military position or sinciput), the head of the fetus is slightly flexed but held straighter than in complete flexion. Assisting with procedures during labor (e.g.In complete flexion, the head of the fetus is tucked down onto the chest, with the chin touching the sternum.Emotional support and education, during delivery as well as postpartum (initial care, breastfeeding, recovery).Assessing and monitoring clients’ vital signs during labor.Here are some primary responsibilities of L&D nurses: Expulsion: Following delivery of the head and shoulders, the rest of the baby’s body is delivered relatively easily and quickly.External rotation: After the head is delivered, it rotates again so that the baby’s face is turned towards one of the mother’s inner thighs, allowing the shoulders to align with the pelvic outlet.Extension: As the baby’s head passes under the pubic bone, it extends backwards, with the chin leaving the chest, so that the head can fully emerge.Internal rotation: The baby’s head rotates about 90 degrees to align with the long axis of the body as it moves down the pelvis, typically from an orientation where the baby is facing sideways to facing the mother’s back.Flexion: As the baby’s head descends and encounters resistance from the pelvic bones and soft tissues, it naturally tucks its chin toward its chest, presenting the smallest head diameter to the birth canal.This occurs throughout labor, aided by uterine contractions, amniotic fluid pressure, and maternal pushing. Descent: The baby’s head descends further into the pelvic cavity.Engagement: The baby’s head enters the pelvic inlet. ![]() The cardinal mechanisms of labor (or “movements of labor”) are a series of movements that occur during childbirth to help facilitate delivery of the baby through the birth canal. What are the cardinal mechanisms of labor? The fourth stage of labor is the recovery period immediately after delivery (monitoring for complications). The duration of this stage typically ranges from five to 30 minutes. Delivery of the placenta marks the end of the third stage. This stage starts after the baby is born. This stage begins once the cervix is fully dilated and ends with the delivery of the baby. Contractions are usually very strong (every 2–3 minutes, lasting about a minute). Transition phase: Cervix dilates from 7 cm to 10 cm.Contractions are more regular (every 3–5 minutes, 45–60 seconds). Active phase: Cervix dilates from about 3 cm to 7 cm. ![]() ![]() Contractions may be mild and 20 to 30 minutes apart at first, gradually becoming more frequent. Early phase (latent): Contractions start, cervix begins to dilate (usually to about 3 cm).By the end of stage one, the cervix is fully dilated (10 centimeters). This stage begins with the onset of regular contractions. The correct sequence of labor and delivery stages is: Stage 1 It is common to view the labor and delivery process as taking place in 4 stages. ![]()
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